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Молекулярная формула: C6H14O6
Молекулярный вес: 182.17
Номер CAS: 69-65-8
Имена и идентификаторы
| Имя | маннитол |
| Синонимы | Maitol hexitol NSC 9256 маннитол МАННИТОЛ АИ3-19511 CB4720971 D-Маннит L-altritol DL-Mannitol MANNITOL USP Mannidex 16700 D-(-)-Mannitol Hexahydroxyhexane |
| CAS | 87-78-5 69-65-8 |
| EINECS | 201-770-2 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+/m0/s1 |
69-65-8 – Физико-химические свойства
| Молекулярная формула | C6H14O6 |
| Молярная масса | 182.17 |
| Плотность | 1.596 |
| Температура плавления | 167 ° C |
| Болинг Точка | 494.9 ° C |
| Удельное вращение (α) | 141 o (C= USP-DIRECTIVES) |
| Точка возгорания | 292.6 ° C |
| Растворимость воды | 177.3 г/л (25 ºC) |
| Растворимость | Растворим в воде, слабо растворим в этаноле |
| Давление пара | 7.22E-12 мм рт. Ст. При 25 ° C |
| Внешний вид | Белый игольчатый кристалл |
| рКа | pKa 13.50(H2O,t =18)(Approximate) |
| Условия хранения | Инертная атмосфера, комнатная температура |
| чувствительный | Легко впитывает влагу |
| Показатель преломления | 1.5970 (оценка) |
| MDL | MFCD00064287 |
| Физические и химические свойства | Плотность 1.52 температура плавления 167-170°С температура кипения 295°С specific optical rotation 141 ° (c = USP-directives) водорастворимый растворимый properties mannitol is a six-membered alcohol, white needle-like crystal, taste like glucose |
| Используйте | Used as analytical reagents, but also for the synthesis of resins and drugs |
69-65-8 – Риск и безопасность
| Описание безопасности | S24/25 – Избегать контакта с кожей и глазами. |
| Код ТН ВЭД | 29054300 |
69-65-8 – Добывающая и перерабатывающая промышленность
| сырье | Ангидрат декстрозы Едкий натр соляная кислота |
Справочная информация
| экстракт бурых водорослей | mannitol, also known as mannitol, is a six-carbon polyol extracted from brown algae cells, there are two configurations of D and L. The L configuration is a synthetic product and does not exist in nature. The D configuration is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. In particular, the content of marine brown algae is very high, mannitol is a storage substance in brown algae cells, kelp and other large brown algae are the main raw materials for the production of mannitol. The mannitol extracted from Laminaria japonica and synthesized with niacin has obvious effect on relieving angina pectoris and has good effect on hyperlipidemia. Can treat high cholesterol, high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis and other conditions. Mannitol is also a dehydrating agent, can be used in medical treatment. When a 20% solution thereof is injected into a vein, since it is rarely decomposed in the body, the temporary blood osmotic pressure is increased to allow water in the tissue to enter the blood, thereby reducing edema of the tissue. When mannitol is filtered from the glomerulus, it is not easily reabsorbed in the renal tubules, so that the osmotic pressure of the original urine in the renal tubules is increased, and a large amount of water is brought out to play a diuretic effect. |
| suitable sweetness | Сладость в 0.55-0.65 раз выше, чем у сахарозы. |
| низкая калорийность | energy is only 1.6 kcal/g, 40% of sucrose |
| Негигроскопичный | the only one of the six-membered sugar alcohols that is not easy to absorb moisture |
| стабильный | no chemical or physical reaction with any medicinal component |
| delayed calcium phosphate precipitation | added to anti-caries chewing gum, help the body’s absorption of calcium |
| sorbitol and mannitol | mannitol is an isomer of sorbitol, the molecular formula and molecular weight are the same as sorbitol, but mannitol was not hygroscopic at all. The sweetness of mannitol is 70% of that of sucrose. The body can absorb, part of the metabolism, part of the discharge from the urine. Mannitol is mainly used in medicine and food, can be used as food additives, sugar-free sweet food, feed additives. sorbitol is used as a recognized safe substance (GRAS) in the United States, and the FAO/WHO Organization decided in 1982 that its maximum allowable intake ADI value should not be specified. S. FDA regulations on food labels must indicate that the daily intake of not more than 50g, and marked “excessive intake may lead to Diarrhea” as a warning. For mannitol, its ADI value was set at 50mg/kg by FAO/WHO in 1984. Mannitol is a food sweetener permitted in the United States, but it must be indicated on food labels that the daily intake should not exceed 20g, and that “excessive intake may cause Diarrhea” is a warning. Sorbitol is mostly absorbed and utilized in the human body, and only a portion of mannitol is utilized. Metabolic pathways for sorbitol and mannitol to be absorbed include oxidation to the corresponding ketose or aldose, or phosphorylation to polyhydroxy-1-phosphate, such as D-glucose? Sorbitol? D-fructose. However, the phosphorylation of sugar alcohols is only present in microorganisms. sorbitol has good hygroscopicity, which can keep certain moisture content of food to adjust the dry humidity of food. The use of sorbitol moisture absorption and moisture retention, used in food to prevent food drying, aging, extend the shelf life of products. However, sorbitol is not suitable for use in brittle and crisp foods. In addition, when sorbitol coexists with other sugar alcohols, there will be an increase in wet multiplication. Due to the strong moisture retention of sorbitol, can effectively prevent the crystallization of sugar, salt and other precipitation, can maintain the sweet, sour, bitter taste intensity balance and increase food flavor, and sorbitol belongs to non-volatile polyol, so it also plays a role in maintaining the aroma of food. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of sorbitol, mannitol and their corresponding monosaccharides. |
| подсластитель | mannitol, also known as xylitol, is a hexanol that can be used as a diuretic or sweetener. Mannitol is a polyol (polyol) produced by the hydrogenation of fructose and used as a sweetener, humectant, and bulking agent. Low moisture absorption, poor oil resistance. It has 1.6 kcal/g. Its water solubility is about 22%, and its sweetness is about 72% of that of sugar, which has a cool sweet taste. Together with the starch in the chewing gum, it has a dedusting effect. It is used for sugar-free candy, chewing gum, cereal, and mints. |
| фармакологические эффекты | mannitol is a monosaccharide, which is not metabolized in the body and has low ability of transmembrane transport, dehydration and diuresis are produced by increasing plasma osmolality and urine osmolality. (1) tissue dehydration: the injection of this product into the blood can increase the osmotic pressure of plasma, resulting in tissue (including eyes, brain, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.), thereby reducing tissue edema, reducing intraocular pressure, intracranial pressure and cerebrospinal fluid volume and its pressure. Mannitol 1G can produce osmotic concentration of 5.5mmol/L, injection of mannitol 100g can make 2L intracellular water transfer to the extracellular, urinary sodium excretion 50g. (2) diuretic effect: ① mannitol increases blood volume and promotes prostaglandin I2 secretion, thereby dilating renal blood vessels and increasing renal blood flow including renal medullary blood flow. Glomerular inflow small artery dilatation, glomerular capillary pressure increased, cortical glomerular filtration rate increased. ② this product is rarely (<10%) reabsorbed by renal tubules after glomerular filtration, so it can increase the osmotic concentration of renal tubular fluid, reduce the effect of renal tubules on water and Na +, Cl-, K +, reabsorption of Ca2 +, Mg2 + and other solutes. Water and Na + passing through the proximal tubule only increased by 10% ~ 20% and 4%~ 5% respectively after the application of large dose of mannitol; the water and Na + reaching the distal tubule increased by 40% and 25%, respectively, suggesting that the reabsorption of water by the Hounsfield loop and the reduction of Na + play an important role in the diuretic effect of mannitol. This may be due to increased renal medullary blood flow and increased loss of urea and Na + in the medulla, thus destroying the difference in osmotic gradient of the medulla. (3) detoxification effect: due to the increase of Glomerular and tubular fluid flow after mannitol infusion, when certain drugs and poisons are poisoned, the concentration of these substances in the renal tubules decreases, the renal toxicity is reduced, and the renal excretion is accelerated. |
| Клиническое применение | clinically used for the Prevention of cerebral hernia, treatment of brain tumors, head trauma, brain hypoxia caused by brain edema and increased intracranial pressure, to reduce intracranial pressure safe and effective drug of choice. Clinical reports, mannitol, sodium bicarbonate, dextran 40 and vitamin E combined treatment of acute cerebral infarction, achieved remarkable results. Due to dehydration of the anterior chamber of the eye, it is also clinically used to treat elevated intraocular pressure in glaucoma. As osmotic diuretics can also be applied to the prevention of hypoxia, hemolysis, toxins and other causes induced by acute renal failure, acute Oliguria. In addition, it can also be used clinically for the treatment of barbiturates, salicylic acids or other drugs excreted mainly from urine, and promote their excretion from the body through diuretic action. For cleaning the intestinal tract, with rapid, safe, convenient, there is no sodium and water absorption problem, can be used for gastrointestinal dialysis; With its treatment of chronic renal failure should be matched with the right amount of potassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, bicarbonate; This drug can be used for the treatment of liver cirrhosis gastrointestinal bleeding, prevention of hepatic coma; Can also be used for the treatment of intestinal obstruction and biliary colic, with appropriate amounts of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, oral or gastric tube injection. |
| неблагоприятные реакции | ① transient Head Pain, dizziness, Nausea, Vomit, blurred vision, confusion and other reactions may occur during hyperfast infusion, may be due to dehydration too fast, increased blood volume, caused by elevated blood pressure. ② continuous high-dose application can cause hyperosmolar nephropathy, patients with urine volume reduced or reached Oliguria degree, can appear edema, hyperosmolar Coma and other symptoms, renal biopsy can be found in renal tubular epithelial swelling. ③ injection of hypertonic mannitol can cause phlebitis, local redness, swelling and pain, and leakage at the injection site can cause local skin necrosis. (4) the application of the drug can lead to diuresis, dehydration and sodium loss, and cause water and electrolyte disorders. Clinical manifestations of muscle weakness, mobility, hands and feet numbness, muscle spasm. (5) after injection, the patient may have thirst, occasional intolerance of cold and back pain. |
| область применения | 1. питание mannitol is one of the commonly used sugar alcohol sugar substitutes, which is commonly used in sugarless chewing gum ingredients. Mannitol is the least water-absorbing sugar alcohol, can be used in food anti-stick powder. China’s health standards for the use of food additives GB 2760-2007, can be used for sugar-free chewing gum, the maximum amount of 200g/kg. The ADI value, which was confirmed by ecifa, was 0 to 50mg/(kg body weight · d). The maximum amount of mannitol used in various foods is as follows: 98% of mints, 40% of soft candy, 5% of Hard Candy, 8% of preserved fruit and ice cream, 5% of cough suppressant sugar, 15% of jam jelly, 31% of gum sugar, other foods 2.5%. Mannitol is listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, natural medicines, and in the pharmacopeia of countries around the world, including the Food Chemistry Manual (FEC). 2. Medicine as a large infusion of injection, for lowering cerebral pressure, intraocular pressure, eliminating cerebral edema; As a diuretic; Renal function and intestinal examination; Oliguria and renal failure caused by edema and burn, mannitol infusion has a certain effect; And amino acid compound infusion. Because of its good compression properties, it has become an excellent excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, mannitol nitrogen mustard and mannitol bis-methanesulfonic acid synthesized from mannitol as raw materials were used as antitumor drugs, which were suitable for chronic leukemia and the like. 3. Chemical mannitol is esterified and etherified to produce various resins and surfactants. Mannitol ester can be used as polyvinyl chloride plasticizer; And epoxy propane polymerization of Polyether as the base material of polyurethane rigid foam, can be used for thermal insulation, sound insulation, moisture proof material. |
| Используйте | dehydrating and diuretic drugs. Treatment of cerebral edema and glaucoma, acute Oliguria, prevention of acute renal failure, treatment of nephrotic syndrome edema. Note: active intracranial hemorrhage injection (except craniotomy). used as analytical reagents, but also for the synthesis of resins and drugs;? It is widely used in the manufacture of chewable tablets such as refreshing drugs and mouth cooling agents, and its granule type is specially used as an excipient for direct compression. |
| способ производства | Method 1: soaking, alkali refining and acidification by extraction, put about 2-3T tap water in the algae washing pool, after 120kg of seaweed was added to the algae to expand, mannitol on the seaweed was carefully washed into water, and the washed seaweed was used for extraction of sodium alginate. Wash the second batch of seaweed, so about four batches. Add 300g/L(30%) sodium hydroxide solution to the above washing solution for Ph10-11 and let stand for 8H until the Fucoidan solution, starch and other organic stickies are fully coagulated and precipitated. The supernatant was siphered, acidified with sulfuric acid (1:1), adjusted to pH6-7, and the gel was further removed to obtain a neutral supernatant. Seaweed or kelp [tap water] → lotion [NaOH]→[pH10-11, 8h] supernatant [H2SO4]→[pH6-7] neutral clear liquid concentration, alcohol wash the above neutral clear liquid is heated to boiling evaporation by direct fire or steam, temperature 110-115 ℃, a large amount of sodium chloride is precipitated, and the salt and glue dirt are continuously removed until they are concentrated, and small samples are poured onto the ground, slight cooling should be solidified, then discharge, containing more than 30% mannitol, water content of about 10%. Cool the concentrate to 60-70 °c, add 95% ethanol (2:1) while hot, stir constantly, gradually cool to room temperature, and then spin dry to remove the colloid by centrifugation to obtain gray-white loose substance. Neutral clear liquid [110-115 ℃]→ concentrated liquid [ethanol] →[60-70 ℃] loose matter extraction weigh loose matter, put into extraction pan with reflux condenser tube, add 8 times of 94% ethanol, the mixture was stirred, heated slowly, boiled and refluxed for 30min, cooled in running water for 8H, left overnight, centrifuged and dried to obtain white loose crude mannitol, containing 70%-80% mannitol. The same operation, ethanol recrystallization 1 times, industrial mannitol, content of more than 90%, Cl-content of <0.5%. Crude mannitol refined from loose material [94% ethanol] → [reflux for 30min, cooling for 8h] industrial mannitol and distilled water were heated and dissolved, and then 1/10-1/8 medicinal activated carbon was added and stirred continuously, 80 ° C for half an hour, while hot filtration, a small amount of water washing activated carbon 2 times, combined washing filtrate, concentrated to mannitol up to 70%, if there is turbidity, re-filtration. Cooling to room temperature with stirring, crystallization, Suction filtration, washing crystals, Suction filtration as to obtain crystalline mannitol. Crude mannitol [distilled water, activated carbon] →[80 ℃, 30min] concentrated filtrate → crystalline mannitol the above crystalline mannitol was dried, after Cl-was qualified (Cl-<0.007%), it is dried with steam at 105-110 ° C., often tumbled, and taken out for 4H, which is a medicinal mannitol product. 98%-102%, melting point 166-168 ℃,[α]20D +23 °-+24 ° crystalline mannitol [105-110 ℃, 4h]→ preparation of pharmaceutical mannitol finished product injection mannitol finished product is dissolved in water solution for injection according to dose, and is MannitolInjectionhan after sterilization and so on. Mannitol finished product [water for injection] → MannitolInjectionhan Method II. Direct fermentation breeding strain the aspogilus Oryzae3.409 strain was transplanted into a test tube containing 10ml of slant culture medium (2.1% Agar was added to wort) and cultured at 31 ° C. На 4 дней. The strain of inclined surface was obtained. The strain is preserved by low-temperature preservation method, and the inclined surface strain is stored in a refrigerator at 4 ℃ for 2-3 months for passage. Before use, it is necessary to re-transfer the culture and activation to ensure fermentation. Seed culture of the strain at 31 ℃ (4d). Two slant of the strain wort cultured for 4 days were transplanted into 17.5L seed culture medium. Preparation of seed culture medium: sodium nitrate 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.05%, potassium chloride 0.05%, ferrous sulfate 0.001%, corn steep liquor 0.5%, starch hydrolyzed sugar 2%, corn meal 2%, early pH6-7. The seed culture medium was obtained by Aeration of 1:0.5V/(V · min), temperature of 31 ℃ ± 1 ℃, stirring of 350r/min, and tank pressure of 98.1kPa(1kgf/cm2) for 20-24h. The preparation of the fermentation medium of the inclined surface strain [seed medium] →[pH6-7, 31 ℃, 20-24h] Seed culture solution: sodium nitrate 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.05%, ferrous sulfate 0.001%, corn steep liquor 3%, corn flour 3.5%, starch hydrolyzed sugar 12.5%, early pH6-7. Take 350L fermentation medium into 600L fermenter, steam sterilize with 146.15kPa (1.5kgf/cm2) for 30min, transfer into the seed culture solution, inoculate with 5%, the tank pressure was 98.1kPa (1kgf/cm2), and the ventilation volume was 1:0.3V/(V · min), which was changed to 1:0.4V/(V · min) after fermentation for 20H, temperature 30-32 deg C, stirring 230r/min, fermentation period 4-5d. To prevent foaming, 200ml of soybean oil was added at the time of dispensing. The obtained fermentation broth contained more than 5% mannitol, and the conversion rate was 40%. Seed culture medium [steam] →[pH6-7, 30-32 ℃, 4-5d] fermentation broth coagulation protein, concentration, crystallization, decolorization, desalting fermentation broth heated 100 ℃,5min, add 1% activated carbon 80-85 ℃,30min, filtration or spin drying, to clear liquid. The clear filtrate was then concentrated to 31 ° Be at 50-60 °c in vacuo, left at room temperature for 24h, and spin-dried to give mannitol crystals. The crystals were dissolved in 0.7 times water, activated carbon 2%,70 deg C heating 30min decolorization, filtration. The filtrate was desalted through a 2:1 mixed bed resin of 717 strongly basic anion exchange resin (OH-type) and strongly acidic cation exchange resin (H + type), and the effluent was checked for no chloride ion reaction. Fermentation broth [1% activated carbon] →[100 ℃, 5min; 80-85 ℃, 30min] clarification filtrate [55-60 ℃]→ [reduced pressure] crude product [water, 2% activated carbon] →[70 ℃, 30min] filtrate [yin and yang mixed bed resin] → effluent concentration, crystallization, drying effluent vapor at 55-60 ℃,80kPa(600mmHg) the concentrate was concentrated to 25 ° Be under reduced pressure. The concentrate was allowed to cool to room temperature for 24h for crystallization, spin dried, dried at 105-110 ℃, and crushed to obtain a medicinal product with a yield of 60% and a content of 98.83%-100.9%. Effluent [55-60 ℃]→ [reduced pressure] concentrated solution [room temperature] →[24h] crystallization [105-110 ℃]→ crude drug preparation take appropriate amount of water for injection and heat it to about 90 ℃, mannitol was weighed at 20% content and dissolved. Activated Carbon was added to decolorize after heating in water bath for 5min. After the determination of the content and the pH are qualified, filter with G3 vertical melting glass filter ball to be clear, and pack it in ampoules or infusion bottles of 50ml, 100ml or 250ml, at 98.1kPa(1kgf/cm2). |
Фабрика и отгрузка
